Year 11 Psychology Exam practice Flashcards | Knowt (2024)

What is Psychology

Systematic study of thoughts, feelings and behaviours, and the factors that influence this.

Biopsychosocial:Bio

Biological influences on behaviour/emotion (genetics, biochemistry, physiological responses)

Biopsychosocial: Psycho

Psychological influence on behaviours/emotion (memories, emotions, intelligence, traits)

Biopsychosocial: Social

social factors that influence emotions (family, culture, social)

What is an independent variable?

A variable manipulated and controlled by the researcher (changes)

What is an dependent variable?

A variable measured as a result of the IV

What is an extraneous variable?

A variables that can replace the IV, which results in an effect on the DV

What is a Behaviour?

Any observable action (to be seen) made by a living person or animal

What is a thought/feeling?

An action that couldn't be observed

What are the traits of an Experimental research design?

has a control group, has random allocation of participants, and you can test a hypothesis, has pre and post testing, and the IV is always manipulated, in a lab like setting

What are the traits of an Observation research design?

It Allows for research in a natrual setting the IV isnt manipulated Can't be replicated Hard to control the extraneous variables allows for bigger sample sizes

What are the traits of an Objective Quantitative research design?

Uses words/ language, observer bias cant be generalised, lots of verbal data

What are the traits of the research Method subjective quantitative?

Can have bias, such as rating scales.

What are the traits of the research Method subjective qualitative?

opened ended, can be questionaries, surveys, interviews, and can be interpreted and have observer bias

What is the Mean?

the average (all the numbers added together and divided by the number of numbers)

What is the Median?

The number in the middle of all of the data.

What is the mode?

the number that occurs the most.

What is informed consent?

when the participant is formed of all their rights, all risks and the aim of the investigation. If an under 18 is participating then parents must give consent. MUST NOT include bribery or coercion

What is confidentiality in ethics?

Participants are given ID numbers to be referred to as. No personal info is released, even in paper work.

What is voluntary participation in ethics?

No coercion or bribery into participating (No consequences for refusing.)

What is the right to withdraw?

allows for the participant to withdraw at any time, without any negative consequences.

What is debriefing?

Debriefing occurs after the experiment, where the participant can ask any questions, and can be informed on the process and any deception.

What is animal welfare in ethics?

Other options must be considered, correct maintenance of the animal and avoid pain or distress.

What is validity in experiments?

checking the accuracy, looking at extraneous variables.

What is sample size in experiments?

looking at if it is big enough to make conclusions.

What is representativeness in experiments?

Looking at if the participants represent the whole population.

What is reliability?

If the results can be consistently achieved.

What do we define emotion as?

Emotion is a personal experience that is a mix of physiological responses, expressive behavior and subjective feelings.

What are Physiological responses?

changes in our body when we experience emotions.

What are some examples of Physiological responses?

Heart rate, Galvanic skin (electrical conductivity/ sweat), blood pressure, adrenaline release pupil dilatation

What are subjective feelings?

They are a personal experience of an emotion, including the way we think about emotions and why we feel emotions

What is expressive behavior?

outward observable behavior which expresses emotion

What are some examples of expressive behaviour?

facial expressions, hand gestures, posture.

What are the six main emotions?

Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise and disgust

What kind of response is fight or flight?

Physiological

What is fight and flight controlled by?

The Sympathetic autonomic nervous system.

What is the Sympathetic Nervous system?

prepares the body for fight or flight, reacts quickly to prepare the body, coordinates all stress responses

What is the Parasympathetic Nervous system

relaxes the body and makes it calm, reverses stress responses, but responds slower

What are some Physiological responses controlled by the Sympathetic nervous system?

increased heartrate, dilated pupils, slows digestions, relaxes lungs

What are parasympathetic physiological responses?

decreases heartrate, constricts pupils, speeds up digestion, constricts lungs.

What is positive Psychology?

It is built on the belief that people want to lead a meaningful and fulfilling lives, to cultivate what is best within themselves, to enhance their experiences of love, work and play.

What is the main goal of positive psychology?

about building good strengths, and helping people Flourish.

What is flourishing?

focusing on the strengths of individuals to help them overcome challenges and build wellbeing

How do you increase wellbeing?

By flourishing with PERMA

What is PERMA

? Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationship, Meaning, Accomplishment

what is positive emotions in PERMA?

experiencing emotions like: kindness, gratitude, hope, and contentment

what is engagement in PERMA?

about being totally absorbed in something (flow state) which makes time and self consciousness cease

What is Relationships in PERMA?

maintaining strong positive relationships ith those around you, and building more. Humans are social beings.

What is meaning in PERMA?

serving something bigger than you (philanthropy , service, religion)

What is Accomplishment in PERMA?

setting achievements and goals to meet and succeeding, allows you to flourish.

What is incongruity laughter theory?

Laughter when something random happens

What is relief laughter theory?

laughing to relieve a pent up emotion or tension

What is superiority laughter theory?

laughter by feeling superior (laughing at self deprecation jokes)

What are some Sleep hygiene tips?

Consistant sleep+wake schedule, quiet and comfortable sleep environment, don't have caffene 4 hours before sleeping, don't nap during the day if you have trouble sleeping, have a bedtime routine, don't look at your phone for 30 mins to an hour before bed, have a shower 90 minutes before bed, sleep 8

What do Criminal psychologists do?

Create criminal profiles, interview criminals, and looks at mental capacity of criminals

Criminal profiling

is intended to help investigators profile and predict the characterist of unknown criminals.

modus operandi

method of operating

How much blood does the average adult have?

4

What are the 3 types of blood spatter?

•Passive spatter •Transfer spatter •Projected spatter

Passive spatter

blood falls/flows/ pools because of gravity, the different surfaces make the different patterns

Passive satellite spatter

smaller droplets bounce out to the sides of a larger central pool (blood on blood)

Passive spatter Saturation/ pooling

the vitcim has been bleeding from that part of the body for an extended period

Transfer spatter

Happens when an object with blood on it comes into contact with another object ( a shoe stepping on the floor, hand on a wall)

Transfer spatter: Swipe

blood that is smeared when the source is moved across the clean object

Transfer spatter: Wipe

when an object is dragged through an existing blood stain (usually when crimes have been cleaned a bit)

Projected spatter

Internal or external force projects blood greater than force of gravity (three categories low, medium, high

Low velocity Projected spatter

when gravity causes blood to drip (passive stains)/ usually caused by a punch or a small stab wound.

Medium velocity Projected spatter

when the force is applied to the victims body and the blood produces smaller airborne droplets (usually caused by a blunt weapon)

Medium velocity Projected spatter: Cast off:

blood that flies off an object when it is in motion ( blood being flung off a weapon after it has been used multiple times) or running with blood soaked sleeves

High Velocity Projected spatter

Occurs when high force turns the blood into a mist and airborne particles.

Biopsychosocial: Bio

looking at biological influences of behaviour ( hormones, drug consumption, brain anatomy, inheritable traits

Biopsychosocial: Psycho

looking at cognitive factors/ aspects that influence behaviour: controlling, aggressive childhood trauma, past accidents, personality, parent relationship

Biopsychosocial: Social

Social enviroment living enviroment, childhood, religon, family structure

Psychopaths have

a lack of empathy, impulsive, are cruel, desire control, and are fearless (and impulsive)

the formal name for psychopathy is

antisocial personality disorder

Causes of psychopathy: bio

Brain structure, genetics (warrior genes) hereditary lack of empathy

Causes of psychopathy: socio

Low family income, harsh discipline, low involvement between father and son, neglect. bullying

What is the DSM

v

The DSM

V is used to diagnosed

Criteria for Anti social personality disorder

Repeated law breaking Deceitfulness, lying Impulsivity Irritableness and Aggressiveness Reckless disregard of own safety and that of others Lack of remorse Evidence of conduct disorder before age 15

You can't be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder if:

You are under 18, or have schizophrenia

Narcisistic personality disorder

They think they have better abilities than others, have fantasies of great success, need constant attention, lack empathy, and high arrogance and envy cannot be criticized unrealistic expectation of partners

Main theories of criminality

Bowlby's theory MacDonald's Triad The Dark Triad

Bowbly's theory of maternal deprivation

theory that Argued that early separation of a child from his mother prevents effective social development from taking place, and may cause consequences of aggression depression and psychopathy

What are the 3 aspects of the MacDonald Triad

animal cruelty, fire

The MacDonald triad is used

as a set of factors that if found in combination is associated with later violent tendencies

The Dark Triad

Machiavellianism, Narcissism, Psychopathy

People who score high in the traits of the dark triad,

are likely to commit crimes, and be less compassionate and empathetic

universal emotions

joy, anger, interest, disgust, surprise, sadness, fear

Micro Expressions

are very brief facial expressions, lasting only a fraction of a second

they occur when a person either deliberately or unconsciously conceals a feeling

Galvanic skin response

the electrical conductivity of skin (sweat)

Polygraph machine

What questions are asked in a polygraphy test

Control and relevant questions

Control Questions

Irrelevant questions that are asked to establish a baseline physiological response

Relevant Questions

Questions that are relevant to the investigation

organised murder

Crime is planned self control at the crime scene, leaves few clues, tries to control the victim

Organised murder characteristics

above average IQ social and sexually competent (likely) married experience anger/ depression at the time of offence

Disorganised murder

Little planning/ prep little attempt to hide the evidence at the scene minimum constraint rand behaviour

Disorganised characterists

lives alone, near crime scene sexually and socially inadequate unskilled occupation or unemployed abusive childhood

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