The Role of Landscape Architecture Profession Recognition in the Context of Facing Contemporary Challenges (2024)

1. Introduction

As people and planet, we are facing severe problems that impact our quality of life and morbidity, particularly in towns and cities. These include, among others, air pollution, natural disasters, and overheating [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. While it is obvious that landscape remains a crucial element impacting quality of life, currently, we are experiencing a period of profound transformations with regards to the landscape. This is mainly [11] due to climate challenges and social crises [12,13,14,15].

Among the most powerful legal tools, the European Landscape Convention [16,17] has proved particularly valuable for many countries, and especially those lacking adequate legal instruments for landscape protection and its sustainable management [18]. In the European Landscape Convention, recently renamed the Landscape Convention, one of the general measurements is the legal recognition and integration of the landscape and the establishment of policies to protect, manage, and plan landscapes [16]. It is also interesting to mention that through this convention, Landscape Design specialists are required to implement some of its measures referred specifically to landscape identification, analysis, and assessment [11]. A step forward was made at the Conference of the Council of Europe European Landscape Convention in May 2019, when a declaration was made encouraging the State Parties of the European Landscape Convention [19] to officially recognize the profession at both national and international levels, to strengthen a multileveled attitude to the landscape with the help and cooperation of other relevant professions during every step of planning, and encourage a multidisciplinary approach in landscape professionals’ education process, with particular regard to science, management, and planning.

The profession, which was described by the pioneer of Landscape Architecture F. L. Olmsted as “the new art of urban order” [20], was developed in response to the 19th century’s challenges in the spirit of sustainable development and applying nature-based solutions undertaken in cooperation with the society. Designs in harmony with nature and the need to treat the environment of post-industrial sites sustainably has recently become the core of designs for Landscape Architects [21,22,23,24,25].

With the foundation of the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) in 1948, the goal of the profession has been to shape the environment of the future, especially the reconstruction of war-torn cities and regions [26]. In 1989, with the constitution of the European Federation of Landscape Architects (EFLA), the European Associations of Landscape Architects aimed to prepare for the Common Market and among the EFLA’s goals were the following: 1. Acting on behalf of professional associations or institutions of the member states in the European Commission (E.C.); 2. promoting work-related activity and exchange among National Associations; 3. advocating for educational standards and the exchange of knowledge, technical information, and studies; and 4. consulting with the E.C. with regard to a number of directives on the natural and cultural landscape [27]. Currently, the IFLA comprises 80 National Professional Associations, aiming to describe the scope of the Landscape Architecture profession and working on the social aspect until national specificity resurfaces [28].

In 2005, the IFLA announced a charter defining principles, goals, and criteria for professional training activities in the field of Landscape Architecture [29]. It is a non-governmental, voluntary system of monitoring and reviewing tertiary education, in which institution programs are benchmarked against specific requirements for the education of professionals. Of course, this presupposes an education in accordance with architectural, artistic, ecological, engineering, and scientific principles to build the capacity to conceptualize, coordinate, and execute integral designs rooted in human traditions and the knowledge of natural and human-made systems [30]. At this stage, education plays a crucial role, especially in the growing of a critical mass of Landscape Architects capable of progressing the discipline in the research and the publication capacity [31]. In 1990, the European Council of Landscape Architecture Schools (ECLAS) was set up to increase collaboration among universities, to encourage and evolve the highest standards of Landscape Architecture education in Europe, as well as enhance collaboration in teaching [31,32]. Nowadays, the challenges for Landscape Architecture programs include responding to issues related to climate change with the social and political aspects in mind, particularly with studio classes that specialize in community involvement methods and the process of post-disaster restoration [31].

Throughout Europe, Landscape Architecture has shown a significant differentiation, moving from a predominantly private practice (e.g., private gardens and estates) to the public sphere (e.g., public parks, factory grounds, and urban planning) and progressing at the same rate [28,33]. In the early 20th century, the overlap with parallel disciplines led to a re-examination of the profession of Landscape Architects [33] and professional Landscape Architects often competed with horticulturists and non-professional gardeners, as well as architects and town planners [28]. Therefore, there was a need for evidence of the specialized professional activity, competence, formal education, and potential licensing to authorities, clients, and related professions. In the meantime, over all these years, the regulation of the profession has been one of the main topics of discussion among Landscape Architects, to overcome the obstacles of free practice in their countries as well as in those where the profession is not recognized. The development or establishment of the Landscape Architecture profession identity was founded on the attempts of National Associations (1880–1930) and, more recently, the efforts of the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) to organize the practitioners and to establish educational standards [34].

Therefore, the major concern of a number of scholars was the definition of the Landscape Architect’s role, focused on the connection between man and nature or landscape, the synthesis of the world’s complexities [35], and the coordination of service seekers, policymakers, expert advisors, and local communities in landscape policies and design implementation, but also the holistic knowledge and approach of landscape design to various scales [36,37]. When considering registration laws and licensing professionals, the dominant purpose is not to protect the professionals, but rather the public and to ensure that the professionals have satisfactorily established their qualifications to serve the public. For this reason, the European Commission’s Health and Food Safety Directorate-General (SANTE), in its strategic plan, outlines the importance of public health and safety [38] and thus defines the new objectives of the landscape architecture profession. Nowadays, as an extension of the European Green Deal and the New European Bauhaus, the contemporary Landscape Architecture profession is facing the challenge of supporting the Commission in addressing the many societal issues in Europe and beyond, as well as environmental protection and consumer safety. In order to justify the above, a new definition was submitted for approval to the International Labor Organization –ILO-), mentioning that: Landscape Architects plan, design, and manage natural, rural, and built environments, applying aesthetic and scientific principles to address the sustainability, quality, and health of landscapes, collective memory, heritage and culture, and territorial justice. By leading and coordinating other disciplines, Landscape Architects deal with the interactions between natural and cultural ecosystems, such as adaptation and mitigation related to climate change and the stability of ecosystems, socioeconomic improvements, and community health and welfare to create places that anticipate social and economic well-being [39]. Regarding the diversity within the profession, the broad spectrum of tasks, from analysis to planning and design, on all scales of projects, from the tiniest to the largest [40], may create confusion at times. As such, the IFLA Europe (2019) has published the Charter on the European Landscape Architect, which defines a Landscape Architect as a professionally qualified individual recognized by an IFLA-registered professional body (or otherwise, as regulated by national law) working in the field of Landscape Architecture.

In the European Union, the “freedom of movement and the right of establishment and freedom to provide services” are considered very important. However, the national legislation in many European countries prevents Landscape Architects from practicing their profession. As such, it is crucial for the professional qualification in all member states to be at roughly the same educational and professional level [27]. The European Union, through Directive 2005/36/EC and Directive 89/48/EEC, states that the recognition of professional qualifications by the host Member State shall allow beneficiaries to gain access in that Member State to the same profession as that for which they are qualified in the home Member State and to pursue it in the Member State under the same conditions as its nationals. (Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (www.legislation.gov.uk/eudr/2005/36/article/4) (accessed on 10 March 2024)). The PQD (Professional Qualifications Directive) was modified in 2013, and the current version (2005/36/EG version 7.9.2014) defines the regulation and recognition of professions in the European Union with its main goal set at obtaining easier recognition and more mobility of professions among the member states. According to the third article of the PQD, the criteria for the acceptance of Landscape Architecture as a «regulated profession” are as follows: 1. legislative, regulatory, or administrative provision; 2. specific professional qualifications; 3. a protected title; and 4. the professional activity is regulated. It is essential to protect the title of the profession and keep it reserved for persons holding a given qualification, to have a state register for Landscape Architects based on qualifications and types of qualification, to identify if there are reserved activities for the profession, and if a specific qualification is required to exercise the reserved activities. According to the article, these points do not necessarily have to be met in their entirety. Between 2012 and 2019, studies were conducted by the IFLA Europe members as part of the Professional Qualifications Directive (PQD) project [41,42,43].

In the meantime, more instruments were developed to facilitate the regulation of professions in Europe. One of them is the Directive on Proportionality Test before the adoption of a new regulation of professions (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2018/958/oj (accessed on 10 March 2024)), which was accepted in June 2018. It proposes a proportionality test for every new regulation or an update of a regulation of professions that allows one to verify if the profession is not regulated too much. The aim is to facilitate the movement and activity of professionals by ensuring that the regulations in place are fit for purpose and not discriminatory or disproportional. Regulated professions are defined as professional activity(s) which are pursued by regulatory or administrative provisions to the possession of specific professional qualifications (s) (e.g., the use of a professional title) (Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (www.legislation.gov.uk/eudr/2005/36/article/3 (accessed on 10 March 2024))). The profession is required to be regulated in at least one-third of the EU member states and to be able to use the PQD for the process of recognition. The profession is only regulated provided the country is on the official list and regulated at the national level.

Another instrument that facilitates regulation at the E.U. level, but mainly enhances the economic flow within a given economic sector is the Common Training Framework (CTF). Recently, the IFLA Europe and the Erasmus+ ‘InnoLAND’ project consortium developed a CTF for Landscape Architecture [44]. The goal was to provide a common understanding across Europe related to knowledge and skills needed to pursue the profession, stating what an individual is capable of knowing, understanding, and doing, supporting the mobility of professionals, rather than forcing the member states to regulate it with accordance to specific standards. According to Hayter and Miller [45], a global system of Landscape Architects’ registration is now perceived as extremely important, especially in places where Landscape Architects, despite possessing their particular qualifications and competencies, remain not recognized as a profession which is different to other design disciplines [45].

Regarding the profession of a Landscape Architect in Europe, it is currently regulated at the EU level in 13 countries (published in the EC database of regulated professions), in 2 countries only at the national level, while in 22 countries the profession is still not regulated [46]. However, the multidisciplinary nature of the profession and the ability to cooperate with other sectors in the design process are most essential skills of the landscape architect profession [25]. Unfortunately, in many countries, Landscape Architects’ work is not considered as important as that of Engineers due to its quality or amount and the fact that it does not affect public welfare. That is why many scholars have proposed for Landscape Architects to become a sub-group of Architects [47] and secure a form of registration under the responsible legal body (e.g., Chamber), or to have separate laws of registration for Architects and L.A.s for the better future functionality of both. Regarding the title of Landscape Architect, according to Walker, conflicts or confusion might occur due to the use of the word “Architect”. Lastly, demonstrating barriers to mobility is likely to provide one of the most significant challenges based on the evidence that has already been sought. Therefore, mapping the regulation and education status of the profession in all the member states and defining the competent authorities is very important.

This paper aims to address the above issues, more precisely to map the status and factors affecting the regulation process across Europe, as well as investigate the role of legislation and legal recognition regarding Landscape Architect’s services, their professional title, and mobility. The importance of this research lies in presenting the critical role of regulation, but also in delving more deeply into the future actions that European Member states should focus on for professional recognition. Lastly, the main research questions that this paper aims to answer are as follows:

2. Materials and Methods

The research is based on “Professional Recognition Assistance survey” which was conducted in 2021 by the authors on behalf of the European Region of the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA Europe). A total of 31 out of 34 member countries responded and filled out the survey, which represents 91% of the total number of IFLA Europe Members National Associations. The answers were provided by 16 countries where the profession is not regulated (Figure 1c) and 15 countries (Figure 1a,b) where it is regulated.

The state of Landscape Architecture professional regulation (Table 1) varies across Europe since in 13 countries, the profession is regulated at the EU level, in 5 countries it is regulated only at the national level, and in 19 countries it remains not regulated. Until today, the group of countries with a regulated profession comprises the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Slovakia, Slovenia, Iceland, Switzerland (Geneva Region), the United Kingdom, Austria, Estonia, Serbia, and Turkey. The group of countries with non-regulated status comprises Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Ireland, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Russia, and Ukraine. Ukraine did not respond to the survey request.

The methodology consisted of the following basic steps:

The first three questions of the survey were related to the profile and the role of the National Associations of Landscape Architects in the country’s decision-making processes and the status of the activities undertaken towards empowering the profession. The fourth question dealt with the current condition of the profession and the basis as well as obstacles for practicing the profession. The fifth question concerned the issue of mobility and the difficulties associated with it. All questions were sent via email to each National Association and separate interviews were conducted, if needed, for the authors to better understand the answers given.

c.

Collection and processing of data: The data were collected from the questionnaires filled out by the National Associations and compiled into separate documents for the regulated and non-regulated countries. The information was gradually collected in several calls between July 2020 and June 2021. A statistical analysis was created using the Microsoft Excel 365 program. The results for each question represent written answers provided by the Delegates. The percentages of the results are based on the total number of answers per question.

However, this paper focuses on those related to the research questions and presents a further comparative analysis among the countries where the profession is regulated and non-regulated.

3. Results

4. Discussion

5. Conclusions

The present work is one of the first to present a European overview of the landscape architecture profession in recent years. The study conducted demonstrates the profession’s diverse situation and great dynamics. It can certainly be stated that this is a profession with a long tradition, a distinct specificity, and well-defined competencies. This is confirmed by its regulation in individual countries as well as its strong position in selected countries where the profession is not regulated.

However, considering the challenges of contemporary planning and design, the position of this profession in individual countries remains surprisingly uneven. The dynamic situation and the multitude of project topics in this field prompt a movement towards strengthening and equalizing the position of the profession. Although, overall, this position is gradually increasing, and the introduction of individual regulations in particular countries seems to be merely a matter of time; yet it depends on the local professional environment and the national situation related to landscape planning and design. The survey sheds a positive light on the efforts being made, since the title and profession exist in almost all countries. Currently, however, there is an increasing need for precise legal regulations regarding the protection of the title and the basis for practicing a profession in all countries.

When it comes to the importance of legal recognition for a profession, the starting point is education. Educational standards, professional tutoring, and a common training framework are essential for stabilizing the profession and its ability to adapt to the current labor market in the face of environmental and social challenges.

A lack of common rules indicates problems of mobility as well. Admittedly, Landscape Architects find alternative ways to practice; however, this does not promote the profession’s growth. Future research into mobility complaints will support equal market access and advocate for European recognition.

In this context, legislation could play a crucial role by recognizing Landscape Architects’ competencies and defining their professional field of work. Thanks to this, not only will the framework of the profession be defined and established, but its visibility and social perception will also be significantly enhanced. As the survey demonstrates the position of a profession, in addition to legal regulations, it is also influenced by the level of public awareness of its competencies. Regulated educational rules, the protection of professional competencies, and social awareness were enumerated as the reasons influencing the positive standing of the profession. Additionally, the legal recognition of the profession, allowing for the better involvement and development of a common language among disciplines, will provide better employment opportunities.

For further actions aimed at legislation, a more specific mapping of the profession per country is needed: 1. the situation of employment, 2. the state of the regulation of the profession in the sense of Directive 2005/36/EC, 3. organization and training in relation to national legislation, 4. detailed characteristics of training programs, and 5. problems of mobility among different European countries.

The presented study provides original and unique information about the spectrum of the landscape architecture profession in individual European countries. The use of the IFLA Europe network creates a unique opportunity to reach sources and obtain original information, which, in the context of the diversified approach to regulating and practicing the profession in different countries, paints a characteristic picture of this profession. The aim of this study is to try to equalize opportunities, use good experiences, and, consequently, take action to support the efforts of individual countries. Therefore, the specific research aims to help all National Associations of Landscape Architects and individuals fighting for professional recognition, to present an overall picture of the profession, and to define specific aspects necessary for strategic development and professional recognition.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.G. and U.F.-B.; methodology, A.G. and U.F.-B.; validation, A.G. and U.F.-B.; formal analysis, A.G.; investigation, A.G. and U.F.-B.; data curation, A.G.; writing—original draft preparation, A.G and U.F.-B.; writing—review and editing, A.G.; visualization, A.G.; supervision, A.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to express their gratitude to IFLA EUROPE for assisting with the survey of this article.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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